qcocoascreen.mm

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// Copyright (C) 2017 The Qt Company Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-Qt-Commercial OR LGPL-3.0-only OR GPL-2.0-only OR GPL-3.0-only
// Qt-Security score:significant reason:default
 
#include <AppKit/AppKit.h>
 
#include "qcocoascreen.h"
 
#include "qcocoawindow.h"
#include "qcocoahelpers.h"
#include "qcocoaintegration.h"
 
#include <QtCore/qcoreapplication.h>
#include <QtGui/private/qcoregraphics_p.h>
 
#include <IOKit/graphics/IOGraphicsLib.h>
 
#include <QtGui/private/qwindow_p.h>
#include <QtGui/private/qhighdpiscaling_p.h>
 
#include <QtCore/private/qcore_mac_p.h>
#include <QtCore/private/qeventdispatcher_cf_p.h>
 
QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
namespace CoreGraphics {
    Q_NAMESPACE
    enum DisplayChange {
        ReconfiguredWithFlagsMissing = 0,
        Moved = kCGDisplayMovedFlag,
        SetMain = kCGDisplaySetMainFlag,
        SetMode = kCGDisplaySetModeFlag,
        Added = kCGDisplayAddFlag,
        Removed = kCGDisplayRemoveFlag,
        Enabled = kCGDisplayEnabledFlag,
        Disabled = kCGDisplayDisabledFlag,
        Mirrored = kCGDisplayMirrorFlag,
        UnMirrored = kCGDisplayUnMirrorFlag,
        DesktopShapeChanged = kCGDisplayDesktopShapeChangedFlag
    };
    Q_ENUM_NS(DisplayChange)
}
 
QMacNotificationObserver QCocoaScreen::s_screenParameterObserver;
CGDisplayReconfigurationCallBack QCocoaScreen::s_displayReconfigurationCallBack = nullptr;
 
void QCocoaScreen::initializeScreens()
{
    updateScreens();
 
    s_displayReconfigurationCallBack = [](CGDirectDisplayID displayId, CGDisplayChangeSummaryFlags flags, void *userInfo) {
        Q_UNUSED(userInfo);
 
        const bool beforeReconfigure = flags & kCGDisplayBeginConfigurationFlag;
        qCDebug(lcQpaScreen).verbosity(0) << "Display" << displayId
                << (beforeReconfigure ? "beginning" : "finished") << "reconfigure"
                << QFlags<CoreGraphics::DisplayChange>(flags);
 
        if (!beforeReconfigure)
            updateScreens();
    };
    CGDisplayRegisterReconfigurationCallback(s_displayReconfigurationCallBack, nullptr);
 
    s_screenParameterObserver = QMacNotificationObserver(NSApplication.sharedApplication,
        NSApplicationDidChangeScreenParametersNotification, [&]() {
            qCDebug(lcQpaScreen) << "Received screen parameter change notification";
            updateScreens();
 
            // The notification is posted when the EDR headroom of a display changes,
            // which might affect the rendering of windows that opt in to EDR.
            updateHdrWindows();
        });
}
 
/*
    Update the list of available QScreens, and the properties of existing screens.
 
    At this point we rely on the NSScreen.screens to be up to date.
*/
void QCocoaScreen::updateScreens()
{
    // Adding, updating, or removing a screen below might trigger
    // Qt or the application to move a window to a different screen,
    // recursing back here via QCocoaWindow::windowDidChangeScreen.
    // The update code is not re-entrant, so bail out if we end up
    // in this situation. The screens will stabilize eventually.
    static bool updatingScreens = false;
    if (updatingScreens) {
        qCInfo(lcQpaScreen) << "Skipping screen update, already updating";
        return;
    }
    QScopedValueRollback recursionGuard(updatingScreens, true);
 
    uint32_t displayCount = 0;
    if (CGGetOnlineDisplayList(0, nullptr, &displayCount) != kCGErrorSuccess)
        qFatal("Failed to get number of online displays");
 
    QVector<CGDirectDisplayID> onlineDisplays(displayCount);
    if (CGGetOnlineDisplayList(displayCount, onlineDisplays.data(), &displayCount) != kCGErrorSuccess)
        qFatal("Failed to get online displays");
 
    qCInfo(lcQpaScreen) << "Updating screens with" << displayCount
        << "online displays:" << onlineDisplays;
 
    // TODO: Verify whether we can always assume the main display is first
    int mainDisplayIndex = onlineDisplays.indexOf(CGMainDisplayID());
    if (mainDisplayIndex < 0) {
        qCWarning(lcQpaScreen) << "Main display not in list of online displays!";
    } else if (mainDisplayIndex > 0) {
        qCWarning(lcQpaScreen) << "Main display not first display, making sure it is";
        onlineDisplays.move(mainDisplayIndex, 0);
    }
 
    for (CGDirectDisplayID displayId : onlineDisplays) {
        Q_ASSERT(CGDisplayIsOnline(displayId));
 
        if (CGDisplayMirrorsDisplay(displayId))
            continue;
 
        // A single physical screen can map to multiple displays IDs,
        // depending on which GPU is in use or which physical port the
        // screen is connected to. By mapping the display ID to a UUID,
        // which are shared between displays that target the same screen,
        // we can pick an existing QScreen to update instead of needlessly
        // adding and removing QScreens.
        QCFType<CFUUIDRef> uuid = CGDisplayCreateUUIDFromDisplayID(displayId);
        Q_ASSERT(uuid);
 
        if (QCocoaScreen *existingScreen = QCocoaScreen::get(uuid)) {
            existingScreen->update(displayId);
            qCInfo(lcQpaScreen) << "Updated" << existingScreen;
            if (CGDisplayIsMain(displayId) && existingScreen != qGuiApp->primaryScreen()->handle()) {
                qCInfo(lcQpaScreen) << "Primary screen changed to" << existingScreen;
                QWindowSystemInterface::handlePrimaryScreenChanged(existingScreen);
            }
        } else {
            QCocoaScreen::add(displayId);
        }
    }
 
    for (QScreen *screen : QGuiApplication::screens()) {
        QCocoaScreen *platformScreen = static_cast<QCocoaScreen*>(screen->handle());
        if (!platformScreen->isOnline() || platformScreen->isMirroring())
            platformScreen->remove();
    }
}
 
void QCocoaScreen::add(CGDirectDisplayID displayId)
{
    const bool isPrimary = CGDisplayIsMain(displayId);
    QCocoaScreen *cocoaScreen = new QCocoaScreen(displayId);
    qCInfo(lcQpaScreen) << "Adding" << cocoaScreen
        << (isPrimary ? "as new primary screen" : "");
    QWindowSystemInterface::handleScreenAdded(cocoaScreen, isPrimary);
}
 
QCocoaScreen::QCocoaScreen(CGDirectDisplayID displayId)
    : QPlatformScreen(), m_displayId(displayId)
{
    update(m_displayId);
    m_cursor = new QCocoaCursor;
}
 
void QCocoaScreen::cleanupScreens()
{
    // Remove screens in reverse order to avoid crash in case of multiple screens
    for (QScreen *screen : backwards(QGuiApplication::screens()))
        static_cast<QCocoaScreen*>(screen->handle())->remove();
 
    Q_ASSERT(s_displayReconfigurationCallBack);
    CGDisplayRemoveReconfigurationCallback(s_displayReconfigurationCallBack, nullptr);
    s_displayReconfigurationCallBack = nullptr;
 
    s_screenParameterObserver.remove();
}
 
void QCocoaScreen::remove()
{
    // This may result in the application responding to QGuiApplication::screenRemoved
    // by moving the window to another screen, either by setGeometry, or by setScreen.
    // If the window isn't moved by the application, Qt will as a fallback move it to
    // the primary screen via setScreen. Due to the way setScreen works, this won't
    // actually recreate the window on the new screen, it will just assign the new
    // QScreen to the window. The associated NSWindow will have an NSScreen determined
    // by AppKit. AppKit will then move the window to another screen by changing the
    // geometry, and we will get a callback in QCocoaWindow::windowDidMove and then
    // QCocoaWindow::windowDidChangeScreen. At that point the window will appear to have
    // already changed its screen, but that's only true if comparing the Qt screens,
    // not when comparing the NSScreens.
    qCInfo(lcQpaScreen) << "Removing " << this;
    QWindowSystemInterface::handleScreenRemoved(this);
}
 
QCocoaScreen::~QCocoaScreen()
{
    Q_ASSERT_X(!screen(), "QCocoaScreen", "QScreen should be deleted first");
 
    delete m_cursor;
 
    CVDisplayLinkRelease(m_displayLink);
    if (m_displayLinkSource)
         dispatch_release(m_displayLinkSource);
}
 
void QCocoaScreen::update(CGDirectDisplayID displayId)
{
    if (displayId != m_displayId) {
        qCDebug(lcQpaScreen) << "Reconnecting" << this << "as display" << displayId;
        m_displayId = displayId;
    }
 
    Q_ASSERT(isOnline());
 
    // Some properties are only available via NSScreen
    NSScreen *nsScreen = nativeScreen();
    if (!nsScreen) {
        qCDebug(lcQpaScreen) << "Corresponding NSScreen not yet available. Deferring update";
        return;
    }
 
    const QRect previousGeometry = m_geometry;
    const QRect previousAvailableGeometry = m_availableGeometry;
    const qreal previousRefreshRate = m_refreshRate;
    const double previousRotation = m_rotation;
 
    // The reference screen for the geometry is always the primary screen
    QRectF primaryScreenGeometry = QRectF::fromCGRect(CGDisplayBounds(CGMainDisplayID()));
    m_geometry = qt_mac_flip(QRectF::fromCGRect(nsScreen.frame), primaryScreenGeometry).toRect();
    m_availableGeometry = qt_mac_flip(QRectF::fromCGRect(nsScreen.visibleFrame), primaryScreenGeometry).toRect();
 
    m_devicePixelRatio = nsScreen.backingScaleFactor;
 
    m_format = QImage::Format_RGB32;
    m_depth = NSBitsPerPixelFromDepth(nsScreen.depth);
    m_colorSpace = QColorSpace::fromIccProfile(QByteArray::fromNSData(nsScreen.colorSpace.ICCProfileData));
    if (!m_colorSpace.isValid()) {
        qCWarning(lcQpaScreen) << "Failed to parse ICC profile for" << nsScreen.colorSpace
                               << "with ICC data" << nsScreen.colorSpace.ICCProfileData
                               << "- Falling back to sRGB";
        m_colorSpace = QColorSpace::SRgb;
    }
 
    CGSize size = CGDisplayScreenSize(m_displayId);
    m_physicalSize = QSizeF(size.width, size.height);
 
    QCFType<CGDisplayModeRef> displayMode = CGDisplayCopyDisplayMode(m_displayId);
    float refresh = CGDisplayModeGetRefreshRate(displayMode);
    m_refreshRate = refresh > 0 ? refresh : 60.0;
    m_rotation = CGDisplayRotation(displayId);
    m_name = QString::fromNSString(nsScreen.localizedName);
 
    const bool didChangeGeometry = m_geometry != previousGeometry || m_availableGeometry != previousAvailableGeometry;
 
    if (m_rotation != previousRotation)
        QWindowSystemInterface::handleScreenOrientationChange(screen(), orientation());
 
    if (didChangeGeometry)
        QWindowSystemInterface::handleScreenGeometryChange(screen(), geometry(), availableGeometry());
    if (m_refreshRate != previousRefreshRate)
        QWindowSystemInterface::handleScreenRefreshRateChange(screen(), m_refreshRate);
}
 
// ----------------------- Display link -----------------------
 
Q_LOGGING_CATEGORY(lcQpaScreenUpdates, "qt.qpa.screen.updates", QtCriticalMsg);
 
bool QCocoaScreen::requestUpdate()
{
    Q_ASSERT(m_displayId);
 
    if (!isOnline()) {
        qCDebug(lcQpaScreenUpdates) << this << "is not online. Ignoring update request";
        return false;
    }
 
    // Track how many update requests we have queued, so that we
    // know whether the display-link thread should try to deliver
    // update requests, or if it can bail out early.
    ++m_pendingUpdateRequests;
 
    if (!m_displayLink) {
        qCDebug(lcQpaScreenUpdates) << "Creating display link for" << this;
        if (CVDisplayLinkCreateWithCGDisplay(m_displayId, &m_displayLink) != kCVReturnSuccess) {
            qCWarning(lcQpaScreenUpdates) << "Failed to create display link for" << this;
            return false;
        }
        if (auto displayId = CVDisplayLinkGetCurrentCGDisplay(m_displayLink); displayId != m_displayId) {
            qCWarning(lcQpaScreenUpdates) << "Unexpected display" << displayId << "for display link";
            CVDisplayLinkRelease(m_displayLink);
            m_displayLink = nullptr;
            return false;
        }
        CVDisplayLinkSetOutputCallback(m_displayLink, [](CVDisplayLinkRef, const CVTimeStamp*,
            const CVTimeStamp*, CVOptionFlags, CVOptionFlags*, void* displayLinkContext) -> int {
                // FIXME: It would be nice if update requests would include timing info
                static_cast<QCocoaScreen*>(displayLinkContext)->deliverUpdateRequests();
                return kCVReturnSuccess;
        }, this);
 
        // During live window resizing -[NSWindow _resizeWithEvent:] will spin a local event loop
        // in event-tracking mode, dequeuing only the mouse drag events needed to update the window's
        // frame. It will repeatedly spin this loop until no longer receiving any mouse drag events,
        // and will then update the frame (effectively coalescing/compressing the events). Unfortunately
        // the events are pulled out using -[NSApplication nextEventMatchingEventMask:untilDate:inMode:dequeue:]
        // which internally uses CFRunLoopRunSpecific, so the event loop will also process GCD queues and other
        // runloop sources that have been added to the tracking mode. This includes the GCD display-link
        // source that we use to marshal the display-link callback over to the main thread. If the
        // subsequent delivery of the update-request on the main thread stalls due to inefficient
        // user code, the NSEventThread will have had time to deliver additional mouse drag events,
        // and the logic in -[NSWindow _resizeWithEvent:] will keep on compressing events and never
        // get to the point of actually updating the window frame, making it seem like the window
        // is stuck in its original size. Only when the user stops moving their mouse, and the event
        // queue is completely drained of drag events, will the window frame be updated.
 
        // By keeping an event tap listening for drag events, registered as a version 1 runloop source,
        // we prevent the GCD source from being prioritized, giving the resize logic enough time
        // to finish coalescing the events. This is incidental, but conveniently gives us the behavior
        // we are looking for, interleaving display-link updates and resize events.
        static CFMachPortRef eventTap = []() {
            CFMachPortRef eventTap = CGEventTapCreateForPid(getpid(), kCGTailAppendEventTap,
                kCGEventTapOptionListenOnly, NSEventMaskLeftMouseDragged,
                [](CGEventTapProxy, CGEventType type, CGEventRef event, void *) -> CGEventRef {
                    if (type == kCGEventTapDisabledByTimeout)
                        qCWarning(lcQpaScreenUpdates) << "Event tap disabled due to timeout!";
                    return event; // Listen only tap, so what we return doesn't really matter
                }, nullptr);
            CGEventTapEnable(eventTap, false); // Event taps are normally enabled when created
            static CFRunLoopSourceRef runLoopSource = CFMachPortCreateRunLoopSource(kCFAllocatorDefault, eventTap, 0);
            CFRunLoopAddSource(CFRunLoopGetCurrent(), runLoopSource, kCFRunLoopCommonModes);
 
            NSNotificationCenter *center = [NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter];
            [center addObserverForName:NSWindowWillStartLiveResizeNotification object:nil queue:nil
                usingBlock:^(NSNotification *notification) {
                    qCDebug(lcQpaScreenUpdates) << "Live resize of" << notification.object
                        << "started. Enabling event tap";
                    CGEventTapEnable(eventTap, true);
                }];
            [center addObserverForName:NSWindowDidEndLiveResizeNotification object:nil queue:nil
                usingBlock:^(NSNotification *notification) {
                    qCDebug(lcQpaScreenUpdates) << "Live resize of" << notification.object
                        << "ended. Disabling event tap";
                    CGEventTapEnable(eventTap, false);
                }];
            return eventTap;
        }();
        Q_UNUSED(eventTap);
    }
 
    if (!CVDisplayLinkIsRunning(m_displayLink)) {
        qCDebug(lcQpaScreenUpdates) << "Starting display link for" << this;
        CVDisplayLinkStart(m_displayLink);
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
// Helper to allow building up debug output in multiple steps
struct DeferredDebugHelper
{
    DeferredDebugHelper(const QLoggingCategory &cat) {
        if (cat.isDebugEnabled())
            debug = new QDebug(QMessageLogger().debug(cat).nospace());
    }
    ~DeferredDebugHelper() {
        flushOutput();
    }
    void flushOutput() {
        if (debug) {
            delete debug;
            debug = nullptr;
        }
    }
    QDebug *debug = nullptr;
};
 
#define qDeferredDebug(helper) if (Q_UNLIKELY(helper.debug)) *helper.debug
 
void QCocoaScreen::deliverUpdateRequests()
{
    if (!isOnline()) {
        qCDebug(lcQpaScreenUpdates) << this << "is not online. Ignoring update request delivery";
        return;
    }
 
    QMacAutoReleasePool pool;
 
    // The CVDisplayLink callback is a notification that it's a good time to produce a new frame.
    // Since the callback is delivered on a separate thread we have to marshal it over to the
    // main thread, as Qt requires update requests to be delivered there. This needs to happen
    // asynchronously, as otherwise we may end up deadlocking if the main thread calls back
    // into any of the CVDisplayLink APIs.
    if (!NSThread.isMainThread) {
        // We're explicitly not using the data of the GCD source to track the pending updates,
        // as the data isn't reset to 0 until after the event handler, and also doesn't update
        // during the event handler, both of which we need to track late frames.
        const int pendingUpdates = ++m_pendingDisplayLinkUpdates;
 
        const int pendingUpdateRequests = m_pendingUpdateRequests;
 
        DeferredDebugHelper screenUpdates(lcQpaScreenUpdates());
        qDeferredDebug(screenUpdates) << "display link callback for screen " << m_displayId
            << " with " << pendingUpdateRequests << " pending update requests";
 
        if (const int framesAheadOfDelivery = pendingUpdates - 1) {
            // If we have more than one update pending it means that a previous display link callback
            // has not been fully processed on the main thread, either because GCD hasn't delivered
            // it on the main thread yet, because the processing of the update request is taking
            // too long, or because the update request was deferred due to window live resizing.
            qDeferredDebug(screenUpdates) << ", " << framesAheadOfDelivery << " frame(s) ahead";
        }
 
        if (!pendingUpdateRequests) {
            // There's a cost to stopping and starting the display link thread,
            // so once started we always keep it running, to avoid missing frames.
            // In the case where we don't have any pending update requests we don't
            // need to signal the main thread.
            qDeferredDebug(screenUpdates) << "; skipping signaling dispatch source";
            m_pendingDisplayLinkUpdates = 0;
            return;
        }
 
        qDeferredDebug(screenUpdates) << "; signaling dispatch source";
 
        if (!m_displayLinkSource) {
            m_displayLinkSource = dispatch_source_create(DISPATCH_SOURCE_TYPE_DATA_ADD, 0, 0, dispatch_get_main_queue());
            dispatch_source_set_event_handler(m_displayLinkSource, ^{
                deliverUpdateRequests();
            });
            dispatch_resume(m_displayLinkSource);
        }
 
        dispatch_source_merge_data(m_displayLinkSource, 1);
 
    } else {
        DeferredDebugHelper screenUpdates(lcQpaScreenUpdates());
        qDeferredDebug(screenUpdates) << "gcd event handler on main thread";
 
        const int pendingUpdates = m_pendingDisplayLinkUpdates;
        if (pendingUpdates > 1)
            qDeferredDebug(screenUpdates) << ", " << (pendingUpdates - 1) << " frame(s) behind display link";
 
        screenUpdates.flushOutput();
 
        int pendingUpdateRequests = 0;
 
        auto windows = QGuiApplication::allWindows();
        for (int i = 0; i < windows.size(); ++i) {
            QWindow *window = windows.at(i);
            if (window->screen() != screen())
                continue;
 
            QPointer<QCocoaWindow> platformWindow = static_cast<QCocoaWindow*>(window->handle());
            if (!platformWindow)
                continue;
 
            if (!platformWindow->hasPendingUpdateRequest())
                continue;
 
            // Skip windows that are not doing update requests via display link
            if (!platformWindow->updatesWithDisplayLink())
                continue;
 
            platformWindow->deliverUpdateRequest();
 
            // platform window can be destroyed in deliverUpdateRequest()
            if (!platformWindow)
                continue;
 
            // The update request delivery could result in another request
            // from the window, or the platform window could decide to not
            // deliver the request at this time.
            if (platformWindow->hasPendingUpdateRequest())
                ++pendingUpdateRequests;
        }
 
        m_pendingUpdateRequests = pendingUpdateRequests;
 
        if (const int missedUpdates = m_pendingDisplayLinkUpdates.fetchAndStoreRelaxed(0) - pendingUpdates) {
            qCWarning(lcQpaScreenUpdates) << "main thread missed" << missedUpdates
                << "update(s) from display link during update request delivery";
        }
    }
}
 
void QCocoaScreen::maybeStopDisplayLink()
{
    if (!CVDisplayLinkIsRunning(m_displayLink))
        return;
 
    const auto windows = QGuiApplication::allWindows();
    for (auto *window : windows) {
        if (window->screen() != screen())
            continue;
 
        QPointer<QCocoaWindow> platformWindow = static_cast<QCocoaWindow*>(window->handle());
        if (!platformWindow)
            continue;
 
        if (window->isExposed())
            return;
 
        if (platformWindow->hasPendingUpdateRequest())
            return;
    }
 
    qCDebug(lcQpaScreenUpdates) << "Stopping display link for" << this;
    CVDisplayLinkStop(m_displayLink);
}
 
 
// -----------------------------------------------------------
 
void QCocoaScreen::updateHdrWindows()
{
    if (@available(macOS 14, *)) {
        for (auto *window : QGuiApplication::allWindows()) {
            auto *platformWindow = static_cast<QCocoaWindow*>(window->handle());
            if (!platformWindow)
                continue;
 
            NSView *view = platformWindow->view();
 
            if (!view.layer.wantsExtendedDynamicRangeContent)
                continue;
 
            [view setNeedsDisplay:YES];
        }
    }
}
 
// -----------------------------------------------------------
 
QPlatformScreen::SubpixelAntialiasingType QCocoaScreen::subpixelAntialiasingTypeHint() const
{
    QPlatformScreen::SubpixelAntialiasingType type = QPlatformScreen::subpixelAntialiasingTypeHint();
    if (type == QPlatformScreen::Subpixel_None) {
        // Every OSX machine has RGB pixels unless a peculiar or rotated non-Apple screen is attached
        type = QPlatformScreen::Subpixel_RGB;
    }
    return type;
}
 
Qt::ScreenOrientation QCocoaScreen::orientation() const
{
    if (m_rotation == 0)
        return Qt::LandscapeOrientation;
    if (m_rotation == 90)
        return Qt::PortraitOrientation;
    if (m_rotation == 180)
        return Qt::InvertedLandscapeOrientation;
    if (m_rotation == 270)
        return Qt::InvertedPortraitOrientation;
    return QPlatformScreen::orientation();
}
 
QWindow *QCocoaScreen::topLevelAt(const QPoint &point) const
{
    __block QWindow *window = nullptr;
    [NSApp enumerateWindowsWithOptions:NSWindowListOrderedFrontToBack
        usingBlock:^(NSWindow *nsWindow, BOOL *stop) {
            if (!nsWindow)
                return;
 
            // Continue the search if the window does not belong to Qt
            if (![nsWindow conformsToProtocol:@protocol(QNSWindowProtocol)])
                return;
 
            QCocoaWindow *cocoaWindow = qnsview_cast(nsWindow.contentView).platformWindow;
            if (!cocoaWindow)
                return;
 
            QWindow *w = cocoaWindow->window();
            if (!w->isVisible())
                return;
 
            auto nativeGeometry = QHighDpi::toNativePixels(w->geometry(), w);
            if (!nativeGeometry.contains(point))
                return;
 
            QRegion mask = QHighDpi::toNativeLocalPosition(w->mask(), w);
            if (!mask.isEmpty() && !mask.contains(point - nativeGeometry.topLeft()))
                return;
 
            window = w;
 
            // Continue the search if the window is not a top-level window
            if (!window->isTopLevel())
                return;
 
            *stop = true;
        }
    ];
 
    return window;
}
 
/*!
    \internal
 
    Coordinates are in screen coordinates if \a view is 0, otherwise they are in view
    coordinates.
*/
QPixmap QCocoaScreen::grabWindow(WId view, int x, int y, int width, int height) const
{
    /*
       Grab the grabRect section of the specified display into a pixmap that has
       sRGB color spec. Once Qt supports a fully color-managed flow and conversions
       that don't lose the colorspec information, we would want the image to maintain
       the color spec of the display from which it was grabbed. Ultimately, rendering
       the returned pixmap on the same display from which it was grabbed should produce
       identical visual results.
    */
    auto grabFromDisplay = [](CGDirectDisplayID displayId, const QRect &grabRect) -> QPixmap {
        QCFType<CGImageRef> image = CGDisplayCreateImageForRect(displayId, grabRect.toCGRect());
        const QCFType<CGColorSpaceRef> sRGBcolorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateWithName(kCGColorSpaceSRGB);
        if (CGImageGetColorSpace(image) != sRGBcolorSpace) {
            qCDebug(lcQpaScreen) << "applying color correction for display" << displayId;
            image = CGImageCreateCopyWithColorSpace(image, sRGBcolorSpace);
        }
        QPixmap pixmap = QPixmap::fromImage(qt_mac_toQImage(image));
        pixmap.setDevicePixelRatio(nativeScreenForDisplayId(displayId).backingScaleFactor);
        return pixmap;
    };
 
    QRect grabRect = QRect(x, y, width, height);
    qCDebug(lcQpaScreen) << "input grab rect" << grabRect;
 
    if (!view) {
        // coordinates are relative to the screen
        if (!grabRect.isValid()) // entire screen
            grabRect = QRect(QPoint(0, 0), geometry().size());
        else
            grabRect.translate(-geometry().topLeft());
        return grabFromDisplay(displayId(), grabRect);
    }
 
    // grab the window; grab rect in window coordinates might span multiple screens
    NSView *nsView = reinterpret_cast<NSView*>(view);
    NSPoint windowPoint = [nsView convertPoint:NSMakePoint(0, 0) toView:nil];
    NSRect screenRect = [nsView.window convertRectToScreen:NSMakeRect(windowPoint.x, windowPoint.y, 1, 1)];
    QPoint position = mapFromNative(screenRect.origin).toPoint();
    QSize size = QRectF::fromCGRect(NSRectToCGRect(nsView.bounds)).toRect().size();
    QRect windowRect = QRect(position, size);
    if (!grabRect.isValid())
        grabRect = windowRect;
    else
        grabRect.translate(windowRect.topLeft());
 
    // Find which displays to grab from
    const int maxDisplays = 128;
    CGDirectDisplayID displays[maxDisplays];
    CGDisplayCount displayCount;
    CGRect cgRect = grabRect.isValid() ? grabRect.toCGRect() : CGRectInfinite;
    const CGDisplayErr err = CGGetDisplaysWithRect(cgRect, maxDisplays, displays, &displayCount);
    if (err || displayCount == 0)
        return QPixmap();
 
    qCDebug(lcQpaScreen) << "final grab rect" << grabRect << "from" << displayCount << "displays";
 
    // Grab images from each display
    QVector<QPixmap> pixmaps;
    QVector<QRect> destinations;
    for (uint i = 0; i < displayCount; ++i) {
        auto display = displays[i];
        const QRect displayBounds = QRectF::fromCGRect(CGDisplayBounds(display)).toRect();
        const QRect grabBounds = displayBounds.intersected(grabRect);
        if (grabBounds.isNull()) {
            destinations.append(QRect());
            pixmaps.append(QPixmap());
            continue;
        }
        const QRect displayLocalGrabBounds = QRect(QPoint(grabBounds.topLeft() - displayBounds.topLeft()), grabBounds.size());
 
        qCDebug(lcQpaScreen) << "grab display" << i << "global" << grabBounds << "local" << displayLocalGrabBounds;
        QPixmap displayPixmap = grabFromDisplay(display, displayLocalGrabBounds);
        // Fast path for when grabbing from a single screen only
        if (displayCount == 1)
            return displayPixmap;
 
        qCDebug(lcQpaScreen) << "grab sub-image size" << displayPixmap.size() << "devicePixelRatio" << displayPixmap.devicePixelRatio();
        pixmaps.append(displayPixmap);
        const QRect destBounds = QRect(QPoint(grabBounds.topLeft() - grabRect.topLeft()), grabBounds.size());
        destinations.append(destBounds);
    }
 
    // Determine the highest dpr, which becomes the dpr for the returned pixmap.
    qreal dpr = 1.0;
    for (uint i = 0; i < displayCount; ++i)
        dpr = qMax(dpr, pixmaps.at(i).devicePixelRatio());
 
    // Allocate target pixmap and draw each screen's content
    qCDebug(lcQpaScreen) << "Create grap pixmap" << grabRect.size() << "at devicePixelRatio" << dpr;
    QPixmap windowPixmap(grabRect.size() * dpr);
    windowPixmap.setDevicePixelRatio(dpr);
    windowPixmap.fill(Qt::transparent);
    QPainter painter(&windowPixmap);
    for (uint i = 0; i < displayCount; ++i)
        painter.drawPixmap(destinations.at(i), pixmaps.at(i));
 
    return windowPixmap;
}
 
bool QCocoaScreen::isOnline() const
{
    // When a display is disconnected CGDisplayIsOnline and other CGDisplay
    // functions that take a displayId will not return false, but will start
    // returning -1 to signal that the displayId is invalid. Some functions
    // will also assert or even crash in this case, so it's important that
    // we double check if a display is online before calling other functions.
    int isOnline = CGDisplayIsOnline(m_displayId);
    static const int kCGDisplayIsDisconnected = 0xffffffff;
    return isOnline != kCGDisplayIsDisconnected && isOnline;
}
 
/*
    Returns true if a screen is mirroring another screen
*/
bool QCocoaScreen::isMirroring() const
{
    if (!isOnline())
        return false;
 
    return CGDisplayMirrorsDisplay(m_displayId);
}
 
/*!
    The screen used as a reference for global window geometry
*/
QCocoaScreen *QCocoaScreen::primaryScreen()
{
    // Note: The primary screen that Qt knows about may not match the current CGMainDisplayID()
    // if macOS has not yet been able to inform us that the main display has changed, but we
    // will update the primary screen accordingly once the reconfiguration callback comes in.
    return static_cast<QCocoaScreen *>(QGuiApplication::primaryScreen()->handle());
}
 
QList<QPlatformScreen*> QCocoaScreen::virtualSiblings() const
{
    QList<QPlatformScreen*> siblings;
 
    // Screens on macOS are always part of the same virtual desktop
    for (QScreen *screen : QGuiApplication::screens())
        siblings << screen->handle();
 
    return siblings;
}
 
QCocoaScreen *QCocoaScreen::get(NSScreen *nsScreen)
{
    auto displayId = nsScreen.qt_displayId;
    auto *cocoaScreen = get(displayId);
    if (!cocoaScreen) {
        qCWarning(lcQpaScreen) << "Failed to map" << nsScreen
            << "to QCocoaScreen. Doing last minute update.";
        updateScreens();
        cocoaScreen = get(displayId);
        if (!cocoaScreen)
            qCWarning(lcQpaScreen) << "Last minute update failed!";
    }
    return cocoaScreen;
}
 
QCocoaScreen *QCocoaScreen::get(CGDirectDisplayID displayId)
{
    for (QScreen *screen : QGuiApplication::screens()) {
        QCocoaScreen *cocoaScreen = static_cast<QCocoaScreen*>(screen->handle());
        if (cocoaScreen->m_displayId == displayId)
            return cocoaScreen;
    }
 
    return nullptr;
}
 
QCocoaScreen *QCocoaScreen::get(CFUUIDRef uuid)
{
    for (QScreen *screen : QGuiApplication::screens()) {
        auto *platformScreen = static_cast<QCocoaScreen*>(screen->handle());
        if (!platformScreen->isOnline())
            continue;
 
        auto displayId = platformScreen->displayId();
        QCFType<CFUUIDRef> candidateUuid(CGDisplayCreateUUIDFromDisplayID(displayId));
        Q_ASSERT(candidateUuid);
 
        if (candidateUuid == uuid)
            return platformScreen;
    }
 
    return nullptr;
}
 
NSScreen *QCocoaScreen::nativeScreenForDisplayId(CGDirectDisplayID displayId)
{
    for (NSScreen *screen in NSScreen.screens) {
        if (screen.qt_displayId == displayId)
            return screen;
    }
    return nil;
}
 
NSScreen *QCocoaScreen::nativeScreen() const
{
    if (!m_displayId)
        return nil; // The display has been disconnected
 
    return nativeScreenForDisplayId(m_displayId);
}
 
CGPoint QCocoaScreen::mapToNative(const QPointF &pos, QCocoaScreen *screen)
{
    Q_ASSERT(screen);
    return qt_mac_flip(pos, screen->geometry()).toCGPoint();
}
 
CGRect QCocoaScreen::mapToNative(const QRectF &rect, QCocoaScreen *screen)
{
    Q_ASSERT(screen);
    return qt_mac_flip(rect, screen->geometry()).toCGRect();
}
 
QPointF QCocoaScreen::mapFromNative(CGPoint pos, QCocoaScreen *screen)
{
    Q_ASSERT(screen);
    return qt_mac_flip(QPointF::fromCGPoint(pos), screen->geometry());
}
 
QRectF QCocoaScreen::mapFromNative(CGRect rect, QCocoaScreen *screen)
{
    Q_ASSERT(screen);
    return qt_mac_flip(QRectF::fromCGRect(rect), screen->geometry());
}
 
#ifndef QT_NO_DEBUG_STREAM
QDebug operator<<(QDebug debug, const QCocoaScreen *screen)
{
    QDebugStateSaver saver(debug);
    debug.nospace();
    debug << "QCocoaScreen(" << (const void *)screen;
    if (screen) {
        debug << ", " << screen->name();
        if (screen->isOnline()) {
            if (CGDisplayIsAsleep(screen->displayId()))
                debug << ", Sleeping";
            if (auto mirroring = CGDisplayMirrorsDisplay(screen->displayId()))
                debug << ", mirroring=" << mirroring;
        } else {
            debug << ", Offline";
        }
        debug << ", " << screen->geometry();
        debug << ", dpr=" << screen->devicePixelRatio();
        debug << ", displayId=" << screen->displayId();
 
        if (auto nativeScreen = screen->nativeScreen())
            debug << ", " << nativeScreen;
    }
    debug << ')';
    return debug;
}
#endif // !QT_NO_DEBUG_STREAM
 
QT_END_NAMESPACE
 
#include "qcocoascreen.moc"
 
@implementation NSScreen (QtExtras)
 
- (CGDirectDisplayID)qt_displayId
{
    return [self.deviceDescription[@"NSScreenNumber"] unsignedIntValue];
}
 
@end